「譯文」概念完整性 - acm1314－IT工程師數位筆記本

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Conceptual integrity means that a system's central concepts work together as a smooth,
cohesive whole. The components match and work well together; the architecture achieves
an effective balance between flexibility, maintainability, efficiency, and responsiveness.
The architecture of a software system refers to the way in which the system is structured
to provide the desired features and capabilities. An effective architecture is what gives a
system conceptual integrity.

概念完整性是指一個系統的在概念上能平穩的黏合在一塊。各個組件能很好的契合；構建了一個靈活性，可維護性，高效率，和快響應相互之間高效平衡的架構。一個軟件系統的架構是指供后續的細節和潛在功能填充的結構。一個良好的體系架構一定是概念完整性的。

How is conceptual integrity achieved? In designing a complex machine like an
automobile, hundreds of engineers are involved over a period of about three years.
Hundreds of specialized parts are developed by specialized engineering groups, and
thousands upon thousands of detailed decisions and tradeoffs are made. The key to
achieving conceptual product integrity in an automobile is the effectiveness of the
communication mechanisms developed among these groups as all of these decisions are
made. [5]

如何實現概念完整性呢？在一個復雜的機器設計中，如汽車，需要上千的工程師一起工作大約 3 年，需要由許多特定工程部門開發的成千的特定部件，需要做成千上萬的微決策和權衡。在設計汽車的過程中，要實現概念完整性的關鍵在于各個部門以及各個工程師之間在所有的決策上的良好交流。

An automobile's architecture is not something that is decided at the beginning of a
development effort. True, a car has an engine, a body, a drive train, and so forth. But
layout and styling engineers have very different ideas about how a car should look. And
manufacturing engineers have quite a different view how new parts should fit together
than do the engineers who design the parts. In a very real sense, the architecture of the
automobile emerges as these groups work together. If they work together effectively, the
product will have conceptual integrity.

一款汽車的構架不是一件在開發開始前就完成的一件事。的確，一輛車有引擎，車身，傳動軸以及其他很多組件。而且布局和外觀設計師之間在車的外觀上有很多不同的觀點，制造工程師和組件工程師之間在各個組件之間如何契合上有很多不同的觀點。只有他們之間能實現微妙的平衡，這款車的設計才能實現概念完整性。

There are two key practices used by automotive companies to achieve conceptual
integrity. First, the use of existing parts immediately removes many degrees of freedom
and thus reduces the complexity and need for communication. When a new car has novel
body styling and a new engine, it helps to use a proven suspension system.
The second practice automotive companies use to achieve conceptual integrity is to use
integrated problem solving to assure excellent technical information flow. As we noted
earlier, Clark and Fujimoto's research showed that conceptual integrity is a reflection of
the integrity of the upstream and downstream technical information flow in the product
development process. [6] Product development is a system of interconnected problem-
solving cycles, and frequent problem-solving cycles that effectively span upstream and
downstream engineers are common practice in automotive companies with high product
integrity. [7]

汽車公司在實現汽車設計的概念完整性方面有兩條實踐經驗。

及時利用已設計好的組件，從而減少大量的設計自由度，從而減少設計的復雜性，進而減少了工程師之間的交流工作量。例如，當一款新車已經確定了車身樣式和新引擎后，就更容易確定設計怎樣的懸掛系統。
為了確保關鍵信息的流通，他們采用“問題集中解決”的方式。正如 Clark 和 Fujimoto 的研究說顯示的那樣：概念完整性是上層技術信息和下層技術信息在產品開發工程中相互交融的表現。產品開發在高度集成的產品上（如汽車），是在上層工程師和下層工程師經過不斷的有效交流，不斷的解決互聯性的問題的一個系統。