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1.實義動詞
實義動詞是指具有完整意義,可以單獨作謂語的動詞,主要表示主語的動作、狀態和品質。實義動詞也可與助動詞相結合表示更加復雜的動詞意義。實義動詞主要包括及物動詞和不及物動詞兩類。
(1)不及物動詞
不及物動詞指的是后面不能跟賓語的動詞。在英語中大多數動詞既可作及物動詞,又可作不及物動詞。純不及物動詞很少。
常見的不及物動詞有:
apologize 道歉 appear 出現 arrive 到達
come 來 go 去 run 跑
walk 走 die 死 fall 掉
flow 流淌 happen 發生 rise 升起、站起
stay 呆、留 sit 坐 lie 躺
stand 站 cry 哭 swim 游泳
例子: Let's go. 我們走吧!
1 The sun rises in east. 太陽從西邊升起來.
2 The moon moves around the earth.月亮繞著地球轉。
3. Linda is sleeping now. 琳達在睡覺
4 Your brother has already returned.你的哥哥已經回來了。
5. I lived in Shanghai 5 years ago.我五年前住在上海。
6.Everybody smiled in the classroom. 教室里所有人都笑了.
7.Things change quickly.事情變化太快。
(change可做不及物動詞也可做及物動詞。
You cannot change the fact.你不能改變事實。)
(2)及物動詞
能跟賓語的動詞稱為及物動詞。可分為跟單賓語的及物動詞、跟雙賓語的及物動詞、跟復合結構的及物動詞等。
①常見的只跟單賓語的及物動詞
accept 接受 borrow 借 bury 埋
cover 覆蓋 defeat 挫敗 discover 發現
enjoy 喜歡 excite 使激動 interest 使感興趣
please 使高興 put 放 worry 擔心
surprise 使涼訝 forget 忘記 guess 猜測 love 熱愛 use 運用
e.g.Don’t forget to wake me up at six tomorrow morning.
別忘了明天早晨六點叫醒我。
You can borrow one book at a time from the library.
在圖書館一次只能借一本書。
②常見的跟雙賓語的及物動詞
A.指人的間接賓語在指物的直接賓語后面需加to的動詞:
bring 帶來 give 給 hand 遞
pass 遞 pay 付款 post 寄
promise 答應 read 讀 return 返還
sell 賣 show 表現 teach 教
tell 告訴 wish 祝愿 offer 提供
e.g.I returned him the storybook.(可變為I returned the storybook to him.) 我已把故事書還給他了。
award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 頒獎給某人
bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物帶給某人
hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物遞給某人
lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借給某人
mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄給某人
offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 將某物給某人
owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物
pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物遞給某人
pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付給某人某物(錢)
post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄給某人
read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物讀給某人聽
return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物還給某人
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送給某人
sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物賣給某人
serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb. 拿某物招待某人
show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物給某人看
take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿給某人
teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物
tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告訴某人某情況
throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔給某人
write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 給某人寫信
B.指人的間接賓語在指物的直接賓語后需加for的動詞:
buy 買 choose 選擇 draw 畫
find 發現 keep 保持 make 使
order 點菜 paint 油漆 save 救護
e.g.I’ll find you another chance.(可變為I’ll find another chance for you.)
我會再給你找機會的。
book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 為某人預定某物buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 為某人買某物
choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 為某人選某物
cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 為某人煮某物
draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 為某人畫某物
fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 為某人去取某物
find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 為某人找到某物
fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 為某人準備某物
get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 為某人拿來某物
make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 為某人做某物
order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 為某人訂購某物
pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 為某人采摘某物
prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 為某人準備某物
save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 為某人留某物
sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 為某人唱某物(歌)
spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 為某人讓出某物
steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 為某人偷某物
C.指人的間接賓語在指物的直接賓語后既可加to也可加for的動詞:
do 做 play 表演 read 讀
get 得到 sing 唱歌 bring 帶來
e.g.I’ll get you some tea.(可變為I’ll get some tea to/for you.)
我給你取些茶。
注:有的動詞后接的雙賓語易位時,既可用介詞to引出間接賓語,也可用介詞for引出間接賓語,含義相同,如bring,play等:Bring me today’s paper. = Bring today’s paper to [for] me. 把今天的報紙拿給我。
He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the record he had just bought for [to] us. 他放了他剛買的唱片給我們聽。
有的動詞后接的雙賓語易位時,即可用介詞to引出間接賓語,也可用介詞for引出間接賓語,含義不同,如leave等:They left me no food. = They left no food for me. 他們沒給我留一點食物。My uncle left me a large fortune. = My uncle left a large fortune to me.我叔叔死后留下一大筆財產給我。
而有的動詞后接雙賓語時,既不能用介詞to引出間接賓語,也不能用介詞for引出間接賓語,如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等:He allows his son too much money. 他給他兒子的錢太多。He asked me some questions. 他問了我一些問題。This caused me much trouble. 著給我帶來了許多麻煩。He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea. 他一杯茶向我要了5美元。His mistake cost him his job. 他的錯誤讓他丟了工作。I envy you your good luck. 我羨慕你的好運。They forgave him his rudeness. 他們原諒了他的魯莽。He refused her nothing. 她要什么就給什么。
③常見的跟賓語補足語的及物動詞
A.可跟形容詞或形容詞短語作賓補的動詞有:
believe 相信 drive 驅趕;使
find 發現 get 使
keep 使保持 leave 留下
make 使 push 推
set 使 consider 認為
cut 切 dye 染
declare 宣布 imagine 想象
judge 判斷 paint 漆
e.g.We all believe him honest and kind.
我們都相信他誠實、善良。
注意:這類動詞只跟一個賓語意義上不完整,賓語后必須再加上一個成分(賓語補足語),其意義方可完整。
B.可跟名詞短語作賓補的動詞有:
call 叫 name 命名 make 使變為 wish 祝愿 consider 認為 find 找到 keep 使 choose 選擇 elect 選舉 e.g.We consider him a strange person.
我們認為他是一個奇怪的人。
C.可跟帶to不定式結構作賓補的動詞有:
advise 建議 allow 允許 ask 要求 expect 期望 invite 邀請 get 使
order 命令 tell 告訴 teach 教 wish 希望 warn 警告
e.g.Mother often tells me to make friends carefully.
媽媽經常告誡我交朋友要小心。
D.可跟“to be+名詞或形容詞作賓補”的動詞有:
believe 認為 conside r認為
feel 感覺 find 發現
imagine 想象 know 知道
suppose 猜測 understand 理解
prove 證明 declare 宣布
e.g.I believe what you said to be true.
我相信你所說的是真的。
注意:這些結構中的to be也可省略。
E.可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補的動詞有:
have 使 make 使
let 讓 see 看見
notice 注意 feel 感覺
watch 注意看 look at 看
listen to 聽 observe 觀察
discover 發現
注意:我們通常給學生講的原則是記住這些詞后加動詞原形。 e.g.What made you think of that?
什么使你想起那件事的?
Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.
保羅不必被逼著學習。
F.可用-ing形式作賓補的動詞有:
see 看見 hear 聽見 keep 使 catch 抓住 find 發現 have 讓 watch 注意看 smell 聞到 look at 看 listen to 聽 observe 觀察 discover 發現 get 使 have 使
e.g.Can you hear someone playing the piano next door?
你能聽見隔壁有人彈鋼琴嗎?(v.-ing形式作賓補)
The boy was last seen playing by the riverside.(v.-ing形式作主補) 人們最后一次看見這小男孩時他在河邊玩耍。
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