最近忙著替公司招人好久沒寫了,荒廢了不好意思。
上一章學習了Collection的架構,并閱讀了部分源碼,這一章開始,我們將對Collection的具體實現進行詳細學習。首先學習List。而ArrayList又是List中最為常用的,因此本章先學習ArrayList。先對ArrayList有個整體的認識,然后學習它的源碼,深入剖析ArrayList。
1. ArrayList簡介
首先看看ArrayList與Collection的關系:
ArrayList的繼承關系如下:
java.lang.Object ↳ java.util.AbstractCollection<E> ↳ java.util.AbstractList<E> ↳ java.util.ArrayList<E> public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {}
ArrayList繼承了AbstractList,實現了List。它是一個數組隊列,相當于動態數組。提供了相關的添加、刪除、修改和遍歷等功能。
ArrayList實現了RandomAccess接口,即提供了隨機訪問功能。RandomAccess是Java中用來被List實現,為List提供快速訪問功能的。在ArrayList中,我們即可以通過元素的序號來快速獲取元素對象,這就是快速隨機訪問。下文會比較List的“快速隨機訪問”和使用“Iterator迭代器訪問”的效率。
ArrayList實現了Cloneable接口,即覆蓋了函數clone(),能被克隆。
ArrayList實現了java.io.Serializable接口,這意味著ArrayList支持序列化,能通過序列化去傳輸。
和Vector不同,ArrayList中的操作是非線程安全的。所以建議在單線程中使用ArrayList,在多線程中選擇Vector或者CopyOnWriteArrayList。
我們先總覽下ArrayList的構造函數和API
/****************** ArrayList中的構造函數 ***************/ // 默認構造函數 ArrayList() // capacity是ArrayList的默認容量大小。當由于增加數據導致容量不足時,容量會添加上一次容量大小的一半。 ArrayList(int capacity) // 創建一個包含collection的ArrayList ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> collection) /****************** ArrayList中的API ********************/ // Collection中定義的API boolean add(E object) boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> collection) void clear() boolean contains(Object object) boolean containsAll(Collection<?> collection) boolean equals(Object object) int hashCode() boolean isEmpty() Iterator<E> iterator() boolean remove(Object object) boolean removeAll(Collection<?> collection) boolean retainAll(Collection<?> collection) int size() <T> T[] toArray(T[] array) Object[] toArray() // AbstractCollection中定義的API void add(int location, E object) boolean addAll(int location, Collection<? extends E> collection) E get(int location) int indexOf(Object object) int lastIndexOf(Object object) ListIterator<E> listIterator(int location) ListIterator<E> listIterator() E remove(int location) E set(int location, E object) List<E> subList(int start, int end) // ArrayList新增的API Object clone() void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity) void trimToSize() void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
ArrayList包含了兩個重要的對象:elementData和size。
elementData是Object[]類型的數組,它保存了添加到ArrayList中的元素。實際上,elementData是一個動態數組,我們能通過ArrayList(int initialCapacity)來執行它的初始容量為initialCapacity。如果通過不含參數的構造函數來創建ArrayList,則elementData是一個空數組(后面會調整其大小)。elementData數組的大小會根據ArrayList容量的增長而動態的增長,具體見下面的源碼。
size則是動態數組實際的大小。
2. ArrayList源碼分析(基于JDK1.7)
下面通過分析ArrayList的源碼更加深入的了解ArrayList原理。由于ArrayList是通過數組實現的,所以源碼比較容易理解:
篇幅有點長請一定要耐心看,有點心理準備

1 package java.util; 2 3 public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> 4 implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable 5 { 6 //序列版本號 7 private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L; 8 9 //默認初始化容量 10 private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10; 11 12 //空數組,用來實例化不帶容量大小的構造函數 13 private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {}; 14 15 //保存ArrayList中數據的數組 16 private transient Object[] elementData; 17 18 //ArrayList中實際數據的數量 19 private int size; 20 21 /******************************** Constructor ***********************************/ 22 23 //ArrayList帶容量大小的構造函數 24 public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) { 25 super(); 26 if (initialCapacity < 0) 27 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+ 28 initialCapacity); 29 this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; //新建一個數組初始化elementData 30 } 31 32 //不帶參數的構造函數 33 public ArrayList() { 34 super(); 35 this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;//使用空數組初始化elementData 36 } 37 38 //用Collection來初始化ArrayList 39 public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) { 40 elementData = c.toArray(); //將Collection中的內容轉換成數組初始化elementData 41 size = elementData.length; 42 // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652) 43 if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class) 44 elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class); 45 } 46 47 /********************************* Array size ************************************/ 48 49 //重新“修剪”數組容量大小 50 public void trimToSize() { 51 modCount++; 52 //當ArrayList中的元素個數小于elementData數組大小時,重新修整elementData到size大小 53 if (size < elementData.length) { 54 elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); 55 } 56 } 57 58 //給數組擴容,該方法是提供給外界調用的,是public的,真正擴容是在下面的private方法里 59 public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) { 60 int minExpand = (elementData != EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) 61 // any size if real element table 62 ? 0 63 // larger than default for empty table. It's already supposed to be 64 // at default size. 65 : DEFAULT_CAPACITY; 66 67 if (minCapacity > minExpand) { 68 ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity); 69 } 70 } 71 72 private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) { 73 //如果是個空數組 74 if (elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) { 75 //取minCapacity和10的較大者 76 minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity); 77 } 78 //如果數組已經有數據了 79 ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity); 80 } 81 82 //確保數組容量大于ArrayList中元素個數 83 private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) { 84 modCount++; //將“修改統計數”+1 85 86 //如果實際數據容量大于數組容量,就給數組擴容 87 if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0) 88 grow(minCapacity); 89 } 90 91 //分配的最大數組空間 92 private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8; 93 94 //增大數組空間 95 private void grow(int minCapacity) { 96 // overflow-conscious code 97 int oldCapacity = elementData.length; 98 int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); //在原來容量的基礎上加上 oldCapacity/2 99 if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0) 100 newCapacity = minCapacity; //最少保證容量和minCapacity一樣 101 if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) 102 newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity); //最多不能超過最大容量 103 // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win: 104 elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); 105 } 106 107 private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) { 108 if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow 109 throw new OutOfMemoryError(); 110 return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ? 111 Integer.MAX_VALUE : 112 MAX_ARRAY_SIZE; 113 } 114 115 //返回ArrayList的實際大小 116 public int size() { 117 return size; 118 } 119 120 //判斷ArrayList是否為空 121 public boolean isEmpty() { 122 return size == 0; 123 } 124 125 /****************************** Search Operations *************************/ 126 127 //判斷ArrayList是否包含Object o 128 public boolean contains(Object o) { 129 return indexOf(o) >= 0; 130 } 131 132 //正向查找,返回元素的索引值 133 public int indexOf(Object o) { 134 if (o == null) { 135 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) 136 if (elementData[i]==null) 137 return i; 138 } else { 139 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) 140 if (o.equals(elementData[i])) 141 return i; 142 } 143 return -1; 144 } 145 146 //反向查找,返回元素的索引值 147 public int lastIndexOf(Object o) { 148 if (o == null) { 149 for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--) 150 if (elementData[i]==null) 151 return i; 152 } else { 153 for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--) 154 if (o.equals(elementData[i])) 155 return i; 156 } 157 return -1; 158 } 159 160 /******************************* Clone *********************************/ 161 162 //克隆函數 163 public Object clone() { 164 try { 165 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 166 ArrayList<E> v = (ArrayList<E>) super.clone(); 167 //將當前ArrayList的全部元素拷貝到v中 168 v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); 169 v.modCount = 0; 170 return v; 171 } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { 172 // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable 173 throw new InternalError(); 174 } 175 } 176 177 /********************************* toArray *****************************/ 178 179 /** 180 * 返回一個Object數組,包含ArrayList中所有的元素 181 * toArray()方法扮演著array-based和collection-based API之間的橋梁 182 */ 183 public Object[] toArray() { 184 return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); 185 } 186 187 //返回ArrayList的模板數組 188 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 189 public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) { 190 //如果數組a的大小 < ArrayList的元素個數, 191 //則新建一個T[]數組,大小為ArrayList元素個數,并將“ArrayList”全部拷貝到新數組中。 192 if (a.length < size) 193 return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass()); 194 195 //如果數組a的大小 >= ArrayList的元素個數, 196 //則將ArrayList全部拷貝到新數組a中。 197 System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size); 198 if (a.length > size) 199 a[size] = null; 200 return a; 201 } 202 203 /******************** Positional Access Operations ********************/ 204 205 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 206 E elementData(int index) { 207 return (E) elementData[index]; 208 } 209 210 //獲取index位置的元素值 211 public E get(int index) { 212 rangeCheck(index); //首先判斷index的范圍是否合法 213 214 return elementData(index); 215 } 216 217 //將index位置的值設為element,并返回原來的值 218 public E set(int index, E element) { 219 rangeCheck(index); 220 221 E oldValue = elementData(index); 222 elementData[index] = element; 223 return oldValue; 224 } 225 226 //將e添加到ArrayList中 227 public boolean add(E e) { 228 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! 229 elementData[size++] = e; 230 return true; 231 } 232 233 //將element添加到ArrayList的指定位置 234 public void add(int index, E element) { 235 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 236 237 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! 238 //將index以及index之后的數據復制到index+1的位置往后,即從index開始向后挪了一位 239 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, 240 size - index); 241 elementData[index] = element; //然后在index處插入element 242 size++; 243 } 244 245 //刪除ArrayList指定位置的元素 246 public E remove(int index) { 247 rangeCheck(index); 248 249 modCount++; 250 E oldValue = elementData(index); 251 252 int numMoved = size - index - 1; 253 if (numMoved > 0) 254 //向左挪一位,index位置原來的數據已經被覆蓋了 255 System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, 256 numMoved); 257 //多出來的最后一位刪掉 258 elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work 259 260 return oldValue; 261 } 262 263 //刪除ArrayList中指定的元素 264 public boolean remove(Object o) { 265 if (o == null) { 266 for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) 267 if (elementData[index] == null) { 268 fastRemove(index); 269 return true; 270 } 271 } else { 272 for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) 273 if (o.equals(elementData[index])) { 274 fastRemove(index); 275 return true; 276 } 277 } 278 return false; 279 } 280 281 //private的快速刪除與上面的public普通刪除區別在于,沒有進行邊界判斷以及不返回刪除值 282 private void fastRemove(int index) { 283 modCount++; 284 int numMoved = size - index - 1; 285 if (numMoved > 0) 286 System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, 287 numMoved); 288 elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work 289 } 290 291 //清空ArrayList,將全部元素置為null 292 public void clear() { 293 modCount++; 294 295 // clear to let GC do its work 296 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) 297 elementData[i] = null; 298 299 size = 0; 300 } 301 302 //將集合C中所有的元素添加到ArrayList中 303 public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { 304 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 305 int numNew = a.length; 306 ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount 307 //在原來數組的后面添加c中所有的元素 308 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew); 309 size += numNew; 310 return numNew != 0; 311 } 312 313 //從index位置開始,將集合C中所欲的元素添加到ArrayList中 314 public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { 315 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 316 317 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 318 int numNew = a.length; 319 ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount 320 321 int numMoved = size - index; 322 if (numMoved > 0) 323 //將index開始向后的所有數據,向后移動numNew個位置,給新插入的數據騰出空間 324 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew, 325 numMoved); 326 //將集合C中的數據插到剛剛騰出的位置 327 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew); 328 size += numNew; 329 return numNew != 0; 330 } 331 332 //刪除從fromIndex到toIndex之間的數據,不包括toIndex位置的數據 333 protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) { 334 modCount++; 335 int numMoved = size - toIndex; 336 System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex, 337 numMoved); 338 339 // clear to let GC do its work 340 int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex); 341 for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) { 342 elementData[i] = null; 343 } 344 size = newSize; 345 } 346 347 //范圍檢測 348 private void rangeCheck(int index) { 349 if (index >= size) 350 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index)); 351 } 352 353 //add和addAll方法中的范圍檢測 354 private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) { 355 if (index > size || index < 0) 356 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index)); 357 } 358 359 private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) { 360 return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size; 361 } 362 363 //刪除ArrayList中所有集合C中包含的數據 364 public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) { 365 return batchRemove(c, false); 366 } 367 368 //刪除ArrayList中除了集合C中包含的數據外的其他所有數據 369 public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) { 370 return batchRemove(c, true); 371 } 372 373 //批量刪除 374 private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) { 375 final Object[] elementData = this.elementData; 376 int r = 0, w = 0; 377 boolean modified = false; 378 try { 379 for (; r < size; r++) 380 if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement) 381 elementData[w++] = elementData[r]; 382 } finally { 383 // Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection, 384 // even if c.contains() throws. 385 //官方的注釋是為了保持和AbstractCollection的兼容性 386 //我的理解是上面c.contains拋出了異常,導致for循環終止,那么必然會導致r != size 387 //所以0-w之間是需要保留的數據,同時從w索引開始將剩下沒有循環的數據(也就是從r開始的)拷貝回來,也保留 388 if (r != size) { 389 System.arraycopy(elementData, r, 390 elementData, w, 391 size - r); 392 w += size - r; 393 } 394 //for循環完畢,檢測了所有的元素 395 //0-w之間保存了需要留下的數據,w開始以及后面的數據全部清空 396 if (w != size) { 397 // clear to let GC do its work 398 for (int i = w; i < size; i++) 399 elementData[i] = null; 400 modCount += size - w; 401 size = w; 402 modified = true; 403 } 404 } 405 return modified; 406 } 407 408 /***************************** Writer and Read Object *************************/ 409 410 //java.io.Serializable的寫入函數 411 //將ArrayList的“容量、所有的元素值”都寫入到輸出流中 412 private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) 413 throws java.io.IOException{ 414 // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff 415 int expectedModCount = modCount; 416 s.defaultWriteObject(); 417 418 // Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone() 419 //寫入“數組的容量”,保持與clone()的兼容性 420 s.writeInt(size); 421 422 //寫入“數組的每一個元素” 423 for (int i=0; i<size; i++) { 424 s.writeObject(elementData[i]); 425 } 426 427 if (modCount != expectedModCount) { 428 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 429 } 430 } 431 432 //java.io.Serializable的讀取函數:根據寫入方式讀出 433 private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) 434 throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { 435 elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 436 437 // Read in size, and any hidden stuff 438 s.defaultReadObject(); 439 440 //從輸入流中讀取ArrayList的“容量” 441 s.readInt(); // ignored 442 443 if (size > 0) { 444 // be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity 445 ensureCapacityInternal(size); 446 447 Object[] a = elementData; 448 //從輸入流中將“所有元素值”讀出 449 for (int i=0; i<size; i++) { 450 a[i] = s.readObject(); 451 } 452 } 453 } 454 455 /******************************** Iterators ************************************/ 456 457 /** 458 * 該部分的方法重寫了AbstractList抽象類中Iterator部分的方法,因為ArrayList繼承 459 * 了AbstractList,基本大同小異,只是這里針對本類的數組,思想與AbstractList一致 460 * 可以參照上一章Collection架構與源碼分析的AbatractList部分 461 */ 462 public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) { 463 if (index < 0 || index > size) 464 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index); 465 return new ListItr(index); 466 } 467 468 public ListIterator<E> listIterator() { 469 return new ListItr(0); 470 } 471 472 public Iterator<E> iterator() { 473 return new Itr(); 474 } 475 476 private class Itr implements Iterator<E> { 477 int cursor; // index of next element to return 478 int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such 479 int expectedModCount = modCount; 480 481 public boolean hasNext() { 482 return cursor != size; 483 } 484 485 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 486 public E next() { 487 checkForComodification(); 488 int i = cursor; 489 if (i >= size) 490 throw new NoSuchElementException(); 491 Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; 492 if (i >= elementData.length) 493 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 494 cursor = i + 1; 495 return (E) elementData[lastRet = i]; 496 } 497 498 public void remove() { 499 if (lastRet < 0) 500 throw new IllegalStateException(); 501 checkForComodification(); 502 503 try { 504 ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet); 505 cursor = lastRet; 506 lastRet = -1; 507 expectedModCount = modCount; 508 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { 509 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 510 } 511 } 512 513 final void checkForComodification() { 514 if (modCount != expectedModCount) 515 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 516 } 517 } 518 519 private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> { 520 ListItr(int index) { 521 super(); 522 cursor = index; 523 } 524 525 public boolean hasPrevious() { 526 return cursor != 0; 527 } 528 529 public int nextIndex() { 530 return cursor; 531 } 532 533 public int previousIndex() { 534 return cursor - 1; 535 } 536 537 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 538 public E previous() { 539 checkForComodification(); 540 int i = cursor - 1; 541 if (i < 0) 542 throw new NoSuchElementException(); 543 Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; 544 if (i >= elementData.length) 545 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 546 cursor = i; 547 return (E) elementData[lastRet = i]; 548 } 549 550 public void set(E e) { 551 if (lastRet < 0) 552 throw new IllegalStateException(); 553 checkForComodification(); 554 555 try { 556 ArrayList.this.set(lastRet, e); 557 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { 558 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 559 } 560 } 561 562 public void add(E e) { 563 checkForComodification(); 564 565 try { 566 int i = cursor; 567 ArrayList.this.add(i, e); 568 cursor = i + 1; 569 lastRet = -1; 570 expectedModCount = modCount; 571 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { 572 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 573 } 574 } 575 } 576 577 public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) { 578 subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size); 579 return new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex); 580 } 581 582 static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) { 583 if (fromIndex < 0) 584 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex); 585 if (toIndex > size) 586 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex); 587 if (fromIndex > toIndex) 588 throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex + 589 ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")"); 590 } 591 592 private class SubList extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess { 593 private final AbstractList<E> parent; 594 private final int parentOffset; 595 private final int offset; 596 int size; 597 598 SubList(AbstractList<E> parent, 599 int offset, int fromIndex, int toIndex) { 600 this.parent = parent; 601 this.parentOffset = fromIndex; 602 this.offset = offset + fromIndex; 603 this.size = toIndex - fromIndex; 604 this.modCount = ArrayList.this.modCount; 605 } 606 607 public E set(int index, E e) { 608 rangeCheck(index); 609 checkForComodification(); 610 E oldValue = ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index); 611 ArrayList.this.elementData[offset + index] = e; 612 return oldValue; 613 } 614 615 public E get(int index) { 616 rangeCheck(index); 617 checkForComodification(); 618 return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index); 619 } 620 621 public int size() { 622 checkForComodification(); 623 return this.size; 624 } 625 626 public void add(int index, E e) { 627 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 628 checkForComodification(); 629 parent.add(parentOffset + index, e); 630 this.modCount = parent.modCount; 631 this.size++; 632 } 633 634 public E remove(int index) { 635 rangeCheck(index); 636 checkForComodification(); 637 E result = parent.remove(parentOffset + index); 638 this.modCount = parent.modCount; 639 this.size--; 640 return result; 641 } 642 643 protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) { 644 checkForComodification(); 645 parent.removeRange(parentOffset + fromIndex, 646 parentOffset + toIndex); 647 this.modCount = parent.modCount; 648 this.size -= toIndex - fromIndex; 649 } 650 651 public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { 652 return addAll(this.size, c); 653 } 654 655 public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { 656 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 657 int cSize = c.size(); 658 if (cSize==0) 659 return false; 660 661 checkForComodification(); 662 parent.addAll(parentOffset + index, c); 663 this.modCount = parent.modCount; 664 this.size += cSize; 665 return true; 666 } 667 668 public Iterator<E> iterator() { 669 return listIterator(); 670 } 671 672 public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) { 673 checkForComodification(); 674 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 675 final int offset = this.offset; 676 677 return new ListIterator<E>() { 678 int cursor = index; 679 int lastRet = -1; 680 int expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount; 681 682 public boolean hasNext() { 683 return cursor != SubList.this.size; 684 } 685 686 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 687 public E next() { 688 checkForComodification(); 689 int i = cursor; 690 if (i >= SubList.this.size) 691 throw new NoSuchElementException(); 692 Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; 693 if (offset + i >= elementData.length) 694 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 695 cursor = i + 1; 696 return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)]; 697 } 698 699 public boolean hasPrevious() { 700 return cursor != 0; 701 } 702 703 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") 704 public E previous() { 705 checkForComodification(); 706 int i = cursor - 1; 707 if (i < 0) 708 throw new NoSuchElementException(); 709 Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData; 710 if (offset + i >= elementData.length) 711 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 712 cursor = i; 713 return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)]; 714 } 715 716 public int nextIndex() { 717 return cursor; 718 } 719 720 public int previousIndex() { 721 return cursor - 1; 722 } 723 724 public void remove() { 725 if (lastRet < 0) 726 throw new IllegalStateException(); 727 checkForComodification(); 728 729 try { 730 SubList.this.remove(lastRet); 731 cursor = lastRet; 732 lastRet = -1; 733 expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount; 734 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { 735 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 736 } 737 } 738 739 public void set(E e) { 740 if (lastRet < 0) 741 throw new IllegalStateException(); 742 checkForComodification(); 743 744 try { 745 ArrayList.this.set(offset + lastRet, e); 746 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { 747 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 748 } 749 } 750 751 public void add(E e) { 752 checkForComodification(); 753 754 try { 755 int i = cursor; 756 SubList.this.add(i, e); 757 cursor = i + 1; 758 lastRet = -1; 759 expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount; 760 } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { 761 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 762 } 763 } 764 765 final void checkForComodification() { 766 if (expectedModCount != ArrayList.this.modCount) 767 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 768 } 769 }; 770 } 771 772 public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) { 773 subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size); 774 return new SubList(this, offset, fromIndex, toIndex); 775 } 776 777 private void rangeCheck(int index) { 778 if (index < 0 || index >= this.size) 779 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index)); 780 } 781 782 private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) { 783 if (index < 0 || index > this.size) 784 throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index)); 785 } 786 787 private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) { 788 return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+this.size; 789 } 790 791 private void checkForComodification() { 792 if (ArrayList.this.modCount != this.modCount) 793 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 794 } 795 } 796 }
總結一下:
1). ArrayList實際上是通過一個數組去保存數據的,當我們構造ArrayList時,如果使用默認構造函數,最后ArrayList的默認容量大小是10。
2). 當ArrayList容量不足以容納全部元素時,ArrayList會自動擴張容量,新的容量 = 原始容量 + 原始容量 / 2。
3). ArrayList的克隆函數,即是將全部元素克隆到一個數組中。
4. ArrayList實現java.io.Serializable的方式。當寫入到輸出流時,先寫入“容量”,再依次寫出“每一個元素”;當讀出輸入流時,先讀取“容量”,再依次讀取“每一個元素”。
3. ArrayList遍歷方式
ArrayList支持三種遍歷方式,下面我們逐個討論:
1). 通過迭代器遍歷。即Iterator迭代器。
Integer value = null; Iterator it = list.iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { value = (Integer)it.next(); }
2). 隨機訪問,通過索引值去遍歷。由于ArrayList實現了RandomAccess接口,所以它支持通過索引值去隨機訪問元素。
Integer value = null; int size = list.size(); for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { value = (Integer)list.get(i); }
3). 通過for循環遍歷。
Integer value = null; for (Integer integ : list) { value = integ; }
下面寫了一個測試用例,比較這三種遍歷方式的效率:
import java.util.*; /* * @description ArrayList三種遍歷方式效率的測試 * @author eson_15 */ public class ArrayListRandomAccessTest { public static void main(String[] args) { List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); for (int i=0; i<500000; i++) list.add(i); isRandomAccessSupported(list);//判斷是否支持RandomAccess iteratorThroughRandomAccess(list) ; iteratorThroughIterator(list) ; iteratorThroughFor(list) ; } private static void isRandomAccessSupported(List<Integer> list) { if (list instanceof RandomAccess) { System.out.println("RandomAccess implemented!"); } else { System.out.println("RandomAccess not implemented!"); } } public static void iteratorThroughRandomAccess(List<Integer> list) { long startTime; long endTime; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for (int i=0; i<list.size(); i++) { list.get(i); } endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); long interval = endTime - startTime; System.out.println("RandomAccess遍歷時間:" + interval+" ms"); } public static void iteratorThroughIterator(List<Integer> list) { long startTime; long endTime; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for(Iterator<Integer> it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) { it.next(); } endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); long interval = endTime - startTime; System.out.println("Iterator遍歷時間:" + interval+" ms"); } @SuppressWarnings("unused") public static void iteratorThroughFor(List<Integer> list) { long startTime; long endTime; startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for(Object obj : list) ; endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); long interval = endTime - startTime; System.out.println("For循環遍歷時間:" + interval+" ms"); } }
每次執行的結果會有一點點區別,在這里我統計了6次執行結果,見下表:
|
RandomAccess(ms) |
Iterator(ms) |
For(ms) |
第一次 |
5 |
8 |
7 |
第二次 |
4 |
7 |
7 |
第三次 |
5 |
8 |
10 |
第四次 |
5 |
7 |
6 |
第五次 |
5 |
8 |
7 |
第六次 |
5 |
7 |
6 |
平均 |
4.8 |
7.5 |
7.1 |
由此可見,遍歷ArrayList時,使用隨機訪問(即通過索引號訪問)效率最高,而使用迭代器的效率最低。
4. toArray()異常問題
當我們調用ArrayList中的toArray()方法時,可能會遇到"java.lang.ClassCastException"異常的情況,下面來討論下出現的原因:
ArrayList中提供了2個toArray()方法:
Object[] toArray()
<T> T[] toArray(T[] contents)
調用toArray()函數會拋出"java.lang.ClassCastException"異常,但是調用toArray(T[] contents)能正常返回T[]。toArray()會拋出異常是因為toArray()返回的是Object[]數組,將Object[]轉換為其它類型(比如將Object[]轉換為Integer[])則會拋出"java.lang.ClassCastException"異常,因為java不支持向下轉型。解決該問題的辦法是調用<T> T[] toArray(T[] contents),而不是Object[] toArray()。
調用<T> T[] toArray(T[] contents)返回T[]可以通過以下幾種方式實現:
// toArray(T[] contents)調用方式一 public static Integer[] vectorToArray1(ArrayList<Integer> v) { Integer[] newText = new Integer[v.size()]; v.toArray(newText); return newText; } // toArray(T[] contents)調用方式二。<span style="color:#FF6666;">最常用!</span> public static Integer[] vectorToArray2(ArrayList<Integer> v) { Integer[] newText = (Integer[])v.toArray(new Integer[v.size()]); return newText; } // toArray(T[] contents)調用方式三 public static Integer[] vectorToArray3(ArrayList<Integer> v) { Integer[] newText = new Integer[v.size()]; Integer[] newStrings = (Integer[])v.toArray(newText); return newStrings; }
三種方式都大同小異。
ArrayList源碼就討論這么多,如有錯誤,歡迎留言指正~
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